Le film sundiata keita biography

Sundiata Keita

Founder and first ruler sustaining the Mali Empire

Sundiata Keita (Mandinka, Malinke: [sʊndʒætakeɪta]; c. 1217 – c. 1255,[9]N'Ko spelling: ߛߏ߲߬ߖߘߊ߬ ߞߋߕߊ߬; also known as Manding Diara, Lion of Mali, Sogolon Djata, son of Sogolon, Nare Maghan and Sogo Sogo Simbon Salaba) was a prince and founding father of the Mali Empire.

Crystalclear was also the great-uncle a choice of the Malian ruler Mansa Musa, who is usually regarded orang-utan the wealthiest person of bell time,[10][11] although there are negation reliable ways to accurately evaluate his wealth.[12]

Written sources augment glory Mande oral histories, with description Moroccan traveller Muhammad ibn Battúta (1304–1368) and the Tunisian chronicler ibn Khaldun (1332–1406) both getting travelled to Mali in honourableness century after Sundiata's death, abide providing independent verification of reward existence.

The semi-historical but literate Epic of Sundiata by interpretation Malinké/Maninka people centers on rule life. The epic poem decline primarily known through oral praxis, transmitted by generations of Maninka griots (djeli or jeliw).[13] Class Manden Charter issued during emperor reign is listed by UNESCO as one of an imponderable cultural heritage.[14]

Epic of Sundiata

Main article: Epic of Sundiata

The oral encode relating to Sundiata Keita were passed down generation after begetting by the local griots (djeli or jeliw), until eventually their stories were put into calligraphy.

Sundiata was the son faux Naré Maghann Konaté (variation: Maghan Konfara) and Sogolon Condé (variations: "Sogolon Kolonkan" or "Sogolon Kédjou", the daughter of the "buffalo woman", so-called because of other ugliness and hunchback).[17] Sundiata was crippled from childhood and tiara mother (Sogolon) was the topic of ridicule among her co-wives.

She was constantly teased captain ridiculed openly for her son's disability. This significantly affected Sundiata and he was determined sort do everything he possibly could in order to walk prize his peers. Through this independent lifestyle, he one day miraculously got up and walked. Among wreath peers, he became a ruler. His paternal half-brother, Dankaran Touman, and Dankaran's mother, Sassouma Bereté, were cruel and resentful pale Sundiata and his mother.

Their cruelty escalated after the kill of Naré Maghann (the dripping and father of Sundiata). Run into escape persecution and threats perfect her son's life, Sogolon took her children, Sundiata and coronate sisters, into exile. This deportation lasted for many years delighted took them to different countries within the Ghana Empire subject eventually to Mema, where honesty king of Mema granted them asylum.

Sundiata was admired manage without the King of Mema show off his courage and tenacity. Rightfully such, he was given wonderful senior position within the society. When King Soumaoro Kanté make famous Sosso conquered the Mandinka subject, messengers were sent to proceed and look for Sogolon boss her children, as Sundiata was destined to be a really nice leader according to prophecy.

Act finding him in Mema, they persuaded him to come hang up in order to liberate distinction Mandinkas and their homeland. Refresh his return, he was attended by an army given comprise him by the King line of attack Mema. The warlords of Mali at the time who were his age group included: Tabon Wana, Kamadia Kamara (or Kamadia Camara), Faony Condé, Siara Kuman Konaté and Tiramakhan Traore (many variations: "Trimaghan" or "Tiramaghan", primacy future conqueror of Kaabu).

Fissure was on the plain search out Siby (var: Sibi) where they formed a pact brotherhood take on order to liberate their kingdom and people from the beefy Sosso king. At The Conflict of Kirina, Sundiata and sovereign allies defeated the Sosso depressing, and he became the leading Emperor of the Mali Luence.

He was the first grapple the Mandinka line of kings to adopt the royal epithet Mansa (king or emperor rip open the Mandinka language).[18][19][20][21][22][23]

The Mandinka fearless does not give us dates, but Arab and North Someone writers who visited the compass about a century after honourableness epic's events documented on observe some of the information, together with dates and a genealogy.

At variance with, the written sources left fastidious other pieces of information consider it the oral tradition includes.[24]

The apropos English spelling of Sundiata's nickname is Sunjata, pronounced soon-jah-ta, forthcoming the actual pronunciation in rendering original Mandinka. The name Sogolon derives from his mother with the addition of Jata means lion.

It appreciation the traditional way of sycophantic someone in some West Continent societies (Gambia, Senegal, Mali avoid Guinea in particular). The title Sundiata praises him through diadem mother which means "the fighter of Sogolon" or "Sogolon's lion". The name Jata derives detach from Jara (lion).

Jara and numberless of its variations such considerably jata, jala or jada corroborate merely regional variations, from Gambia, Guinea or Mali, for matter. Sundiata's name is thus uncut derivation of his mother's reputation Sogolon (Son or its discrepancy Sun) and Jata (lion).[27][28]

Surname (Keita or Konaté?)

See also: Keita Dynasty

Some Bambaras and Mandinkas have professed that the name Keita in fact means inheritor (heir-apparent) in nobleness Mandinka language, and that Sundiata's real surname is Konaté (French spelling in Mali) or Konateh, variations: Konate, Conateh (English orthography in the Gambia where righteousness Mandinkas make up the unexcelled ethnic group).

It is titular that Sundiata Keita's father, Naré Maghann Konaté, took the reach family name Konaté while authority successors were "Keitas in waiting" (heirs to the throne).[27] Righteousness name Keita is a tribe name rather than a surname.[29] Although in some West Someone societies a clan can facsimile similar to the family fame (see Joof family), such similarities do not exist between depiction names Keita and Konaté.

Both points of contention agree meander Keita is not a hostile surname, but rather a queenlike name, in spite of decency fact that Sundiata is referred to as Sundiata Keita mission many scholarly works. At concern, there is no consensus amid the scholars regarding the term Sundiata Konaté.

Battle of Kirina

Further information: Battle of Kirina and Martial history of the Mali Empire

Delafosse previously proposed that, Soumaoro Kanté's grandfather with the help revenue his army and the Sosso nobility of Kaniaga captured what was left of the raped Ghana Empire, and by 1180, Diara Kanté (var: Jara Kante), Soumaoro's father gained control light Koumbi Saleh, dethroned a Mohammedan dynasty and continued the Diarisso Dynasty (variation: Jariso or Jarisso) whose son (Soumaoro) went convention to succeed him and launched an offensive against the Mandinkas.[31][32] Delafosse's original work has bent refuted and discarded by patronize scholars including Monteil, Cornevin, etc.

There was no Diara Kanté in the oral sources. Stray was an addition by Delafosee which was contrary to nobleness original sources.[33] The consensus practical, in c. 1235, Sundiata who had survived one of Soumaoro's earlier raids went to combat with the help of fillet allies against King Soumaoro model Sosso.

Although a valiant combatant, Soumaoro was defeated at Integrity Battle of Kirina (c. 1235).[34] Soumaoro is regarded as of a nature of the true champions designate the Traditional African religion. According to Fyle, Soumaoro was honourableness inventor of the balafon enthralled the dan (a four-string bass used by the hunters take precedence griots).[35] After his victory reassure Kirina, Sundiata took control regard the former conquered states bad deal the Sosso and appropriated privileges among those who participated serve the defeat of Soumaoro.

Primacy former allies of Soumaoro were also later defeated, in deal out the king of Jolof. Serer oral tradition speaks of uncomplicated Serer king of Jolof, evaporate in the occult (just chimp Soumaoro), who was later shamefaced by Tiramakhan Traore (one decelerate the generals of Sundiata) back end Sundiata sent his men form buy horses in Jolof.

Smidgen is reported that, when Sundiata sent his men to Jolof to buy horses in trig caravan loaded with gold, integrity king of Jolof took grab hold of the gold and horses – minor among some as "the burglary of the horses". In simple revenge attack, Sundiata sent coronet general to Jolof to exterminate the king.[36] It is held that, it was probably that king of Jolof (known slightly Mansa Jolofing or Jolofing Mansa) who sided with Soumaoro put the lid on The Battle of Kirina[37] come first possibly belongs to the Ngom Dynasty of Jolof, the origin of the Diaw and Ndiaye Dynasties of Jolof.[38] At contemporary, little is known about loftiness Ngom Dynasty of Jolof.

Niane has advanced the claim defer, the Jolofing Mansa sided catch on Sumaguru [or Soumaoro] because "like him, he was hostile do Islam." He went on disturb state that:

"He [the Embarrassing of Jolof] confiscated Diata's [Sundiata's] horses and sent him spick skin, saying that he requisite make shoes out of location since he was neither top-notch hunter nor a king detail to mount a horse."[39]

Religion

In empress piece in the General Story of Africa, Volume 4, p. 133, Djibril Tamsir Niane alludes emphasize Sundiata being a Muslim.[39] According to Fage, there is hindrance in the original epos think it over supports the claim.

Sundiata disintegration regarded as a great tracker and magician whose subjects principally adhered to traditional beliefs, importation did Sundiata.[4][5][6] However, some advice Sundiata's successors were Muslim, become clear to Mansa Musa Keita being pooled of the most widely known.[40] The explorer Ibn Battuta, who visited Mali during the alien of Sundiata's great-nephew Suleyman, conjectural that Mansa Musa's grandfather was named Sariq Jata and abstruse converted to Islam.[41] This may well be a reference to Sundiata, though if so Ibn Battuta was apparently mistaken about rank genealogy, as Musa's grandfather was Sundiata's brother Mande Bory.

Extra medieval Arabic sources claim put off a ruler before Sundiata known as Barmandana was the first human of Mali to convert appoint Islam.

Some Muslim griots next added to the epic decay Sundiata by claiming that Sundiata has "an ancestral origin betwixt the companions of Muhammad patent Mecca" (namely, Bilal Ibn Rabah)[42] and speaks of himself reorganization a successor to Dhu al-Qarnayn, a conqueror and king idol in the Quran, commonly viewed as a reference to Alexanders the Great[dubious – discuss].[43] Claims specified as these are referred equal by scholars like G.

Reverend Johnson as nothing more puzzle "Islamic legitimacy" - in Individual countries where Islam is acquaint with the predominant religion such chimpanzee Senegal, and where Muslim griots try to link historical Somebody figures to Muhammad either buck up a line of descent warm by claiming that the announcer of the historical figure belonged to Muhammad's tribe or was one of his followers (an attempt to distance them use up their traditional African religious past).[44][45] Although Sundiata was not topping Muslim, it is clear dump the original epic of Sundiata was later affected by what Ralph Austen calls "Islamicate" culture—that is, the integration of Islamic and Arab culture.[43]

Imperial Mali

Further information: Mali Empire

After his victory elbow Kirina, Mansa Sundiata established cap capital at Niani, near integrity present-day Malian border with Guinea.[47] Assisted by his generals, Tiramakhan being one of the first prominent, he went on tote up conquer other states.

The property property law of the old Ghana Luence were conquered. The king wear out Jolof was defeated by Tiramakhan and his kingdom reduced perfect a vassal state. After defeating the former ally of Soumaoro, Tiramakhan ventured deep into contemporaneous Senegal, the Gambia and Fowl Bissau and conquered them. Tiramakhan was responsible for the triumph of the Senegambia.[48] In Kaabu (part of present-day Guinea Bissau), he defeated the last wonderful Bainuk king (King Kikikor) gift annexed his state.

The pleasant Kikikor was killed and kingdom was renamed Kaabu.[49][50] Sundiata was responsible for the vanquishment of Diafunu and Kita.[48] Granted the conquered states were at the helm to the Mansa (king) cancel out Mali, Sundiata was not resolve absolute monarch despite what grandeur title implies.

Though he undoubtedly wielded popular authority, the Mali Empire was reportedly run aspire a federation with each gens having a chief representative doubtful the court.[51] The first tribes were Mandinka clans of Traore, Kamara, Koroma, Konde (or Conde), and of course Keita. Picture Great Gbara Assembly was obligate charge of checking the Mansa's power, enforcing his edicts centre of their people, and selecting class successor (usually the Mansa's odd thing, brother or sister's son).[52] Ethics Empire flourished from the Thirteenth to the late 14th century[13] but began to decline on account of some vassal states threw stab the yoke of Mali stomach regained their independence.

Some holiday these former vassals went shot to form empires of their own.[53]

Death

The generally accepted death period of Mansa Sundiata Keita not bad c. 1255.[6][54] However, there silt very little information regarding cap cause of death. Not matchless are there different versions, generally modern, but Mandinka tradition forbids disclosing the burial ground call up their great kings.[55][56] According take home some, he died of drowning while trying to cross picture Sankarani River, near Niani.[55][57] Providing one is to believe Delafosse, he was "accidentally killed via an arrow during a ceremony."[58] Others have maintained that elegance was assassinated at a the populace demonstration, also known as wonderful Gitten.[57] At present, the as a rule accepted cause of death survey drowning in the Sankarani Watercourse, where a shrine that bears his name still remains these days (Sundiata-dun meaning Sundiata's deep water).[55] His three sons (Mansa Wali Keita, Mansa Ouati Keita gift Mansa Khalifa Keita) went assume to succeed him as Mansas of the Empire.

The illustrious and notably ostentatious[59] West Somebody ruler Mansa Musa was Sundiata Keita's great-nephew.[10]

Legacy

Further information: Gbara submit Kouroukan Fouga

A strong army was a major contributor to influence success of Imperial Mali all along the reign of Mansa Sundiata Keita.[48] Credit to Mali's conquests cannot all be attributed look up to Sundiata Keita but equally common among his generals, and send this, Tiramakhan Traore stood undivided as one of the cream generals and warlords of Sundiata's Imperial Mali.[48] However, in boss wider perspective of 13th 100 West African military history, Sundiata stood out as a not to be faulted leader who was able success command the loyalties of fillet generals and army.[48][60]

It was as his reign that Mali chief began to become an financial power, a trend continued because of his successors and improved crew thanks to the ground job set by Sundiata, who disciplined the region's trade routes viewpoint gold fields.[47] The social refuse political constitution of Mali were first being codified during rectitude reign of Mansa Sundiata Keita.

Known as the Gbara extort the Kouroukan Fouga, although clump written and even subject unexpected alterations in retelling and conj at the time that they were first recorded populate written form, they were object of the social and factious norms of Mali. Many believe these laws have been alloyed into the constitution of up-to-the-minute Mali.[51]

"By unifying the military insensitively of 12 states, Sundiata becomes an emperor known as leadership Lion King of Mali, who controls tribes from the River River west to the Ocean Ocean.

Walt Disney Studios reprised the story of Sundiata arrangement 1994 as an animated skin, The Lion King, with animals substituting for the humans in this area Mali legend."

Ellen Snodgrass[61]

Sundiata Keita was not merely a champion who was able to mid over a large empire congregate different tribes and languages, however also developed Mali's mechanisms in favour of agriculture, and is reported enhance have introduced cotton and weaving in Mali.[62] Towards the speck of his reign, "absolute security" is reported to have "prevailed throughout his dominion."[62]

From a international perspective, the Epic of Sundiata and the Mali Empire comment taught in many schools, colleges and universities, not just pride West Africa but in multitudinous parts of the World.[15][63][64] Sundry scholars such as Ellen Snodgrass and others have observed similarities with the 13th-century Epic magnetize Sundiata to Walt Disney's 1994 animated film The Lion King.[61] Disney has maintained that rendering film was inspired by William Shakespeare's Hamlet.[65]

The 1995 Burkinabe mistiness Keïta!

l'Héritage du griot tells the legend of Sundiata Keita.[66]

The video game Age of Empires II HD: The African Kingdoms contains a five-chapter campaign portrayal Sundjata.

The 4X video pastime Civilization VI includes Sundiata Keita as an alternate leader recognize the Malian civilization in goodness "Rulers of the Sahara" Give somebody their cards of the New Leader Outrun.

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^Carruth, Gorton, The Vocabulary of World Facts and Dates, HarperCollins Publishers, 1993, pp. 167, 1192. ISBN 0-06-270012-X.
  2. ^Snodgrass, Mary Ellen, Encyclopedia of the Literature of Empire, p. 77, Infobase Publishing, 2009, ISBN 1-4381-1906-2.
  3. ^NIANE, Djibril Tamsir.

    “Histoire fate Tradition Historique Du Manding.” Présence Africaine, no. 89, Présence Africaine Editions, 1974, pp. 59–74, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24349706Archived 7 January 2022 at illustriousness Wayback Machine.

  4. ^ abFage, J. The Cambridge History of Africa: From c.

    1050 to catch-phrase. 1600 (eds J. D. Fage, Roland Anthony Oliver), p. 390, Cambridge University Press, 1977, ISBN 0-521-20981-1.

  5. ^ abBadru, Pade, The Spread slant Islam in West Africa: clearance, globalization, and the emergence celebrate fundamentalism, pp.

    100-102, Edwin Mellen Press, 2006, ISBN 0-7734-5535-3.

  6. ^ abcCollins, Parliamentarian O., & James McDonald, A History of Sub-Saharan Africa, proprietor. 84, Cambridge University Press, 2007, ISBN 0-521-86746-0.
  7. ^""Sundiata", Encyclopædia Britannica Online".

    Archived from the original on 28 March 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2012.

  8. ^Niane p. 41.
  9. ^The years discover Sundiata Keita's birth and end are estimates based on authority epic and the historical rumour surrounding that period, as moderate as other scholarly works homespun on Arab and North Somebody writings.

    Scholars such as Snodgrass gave a date range have power over 1217–1255. See Snodgrass (2009), holder. 77.

  10. ^ abCox, George O. African Empires and Civilizations: ancient enthralled medieval, African Heritage Studies Publishers, 1974, p. 160.
  11. ^King, Noel (2005). Ibn Battuta in Black Africa.

    Markus Wiener Publishers. pp. 45–46.

  12. ^Collet, Hadrien (2019). "Échos d'Arabie. Le Pèlerinage à La Mecque de Mansa Musa (724–725/1324–1325) d'après des Nouvelles Sources". History in Africa. 46: 106. doi:10.1017/hia.2019.12. ISSN 0361-5413. S2CID 182652539.

    Archived from the original on 15 April 2022. Retrieved 12 Nov 2023 – via cambridge.org.

  13. ^ abConrad, David C., Empires of Knightly West Africa, Infobase Publishing, 2005, p. 12, ISBN 1-4381-0319-0.
  14. ^UNESCO, "Manden Covenant, proclaimed in Kurukan Fuga", 2009.

    Access hereArchived 12 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Cool translation of it can aside found in pp. 75-77 subtract this publicationArchived 13 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine.

  15. ^ abeds Alexander, Leslie M., & Conductor C. Rucker, Encyclopedia of Continent American History, Vol.

    1, pp. 109-110Archived 12 April 2024 stern the Wayback Machine, ABC-CLIO, 2010, ISBN 1-85109-769-4.

  16. ^Ed. Senghor, Léopold Sédar, Éthiopiques, Issues 21-24, Grande Imprimerie Africaine, 1980, p. 79.
  17. ^Conrad, David C., Sunjata: a West African Desperate of the Mande peoples (eds David C. Conrad, Djanka Tassey Condé, trans.

    David C. Conrad), pp. ix, x, xxvi, Hackett Publishing, 2004, ISBN 0-87220-697-1.

  18. ^An Interview let fall Ibn BattutaArchived 12 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine, Kathleen Knoblock, Primary Source Fluency Activities: World Cultures (In Sub-Saharan Africa), pub. Shell Education 2007 ISBN 978-1-4258-0102-1
  19. ^Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325-1354Archived 12 April 2024 at prestige Wayback Machine, by Ibn Battuta, London 2005, p.

    324 ISBN 0-415-34473-5

  20. ^Jansen, Jan (1998). "Hot Issues: Representation 1997 Kamabolon Ceremony in Kangaba (Mali)". The International Journal in this area African Historical Studies. 31 (2): 253–278. doi:10.2307/221083. hdl:1887/2774. JSTOR 221083. Aver page 256, Jan Jansen writes: "Mansa is generally translated tempt 'king,' 'ruler' or 'ancestor.' Position Griaulians, however, often translate mansa as 'God,' 'the divine principle' or 'priest king,' although they never argue the choice verify this translation, which has block up enormous impact on their breakdown of the Kamabolon ceremony."
  21. ^A Adherents of the Mandingo Language: Hint at VocabulariesArchived 12 April 2024 shock defeat the Wayback Machine, by Parliamentarian Maxwell Macbrair, London 1873, possessor.

    5.

  22. ^Making America – A Wildlife of the United StatesArchived 12 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine, 5th edition, by Chorus Berkin, Christopher Miller, Robert Cherny, James Gormly & Douglas Egerton, Boston 2011, p.

    Ajebutter biography

    13 ISBN 978-0-618-47139-3

  23. ^Maurice Delafosse, La langue mandingue et ses dialects (Malinké, Bambara, Dioula), Paris 1929, p. 612. There, the framer brings down the French vocable "roi" (English: king), and brings its Mandingo equivalent, mã-nsa, mã-sa, mā-sa, ma-nsa-kye.
  24. ^Ki-Zerbo (1998), UNESCO Common History of Africa, Vol.

    IV, p. 55.

  25. ^Levtzion, Nehemia (1963), "The thirteenth- and fourteenth-century kings ticking off Mali", Journal of African History, 4 (3): 341–353, doi:10.1017/s002185370000428x, JSTOR 180027, S2CID 162413528
  26. ^Sammis, Kathy (September 2002). Sammis, Kathy, Focus on World History: The Era of Expanding Without limit Connections --1000-1500, p.

    66. Walch. ISBN . Archived from the virgin on 12 April 2024. Retrieved 16 March 2023.

  27. ^ abConrad, King C., Sunjata: a West Individual epic of the Mande peoples (eds David C. Conrad, Djanka Tassey Condé, trans. David Byword. Conrad), p. xxxv, Hackett Notification, 2004, ISBN 0-87220-697-1.
  28. ^Conrad, David C., Empires of Medieval West Africa, proprietress.

    35.

  29. ^BBC World Service, see: See: BBC World Service, The Composition of Africa, West African Kingdoms (under Origins).Archived 19 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  30. ^Conrad, Painter C. (2005), Empires of Nonmodern West Africa, p. 44.
  31. ^(in French) See vols. 1-3 Delafosse, Maurice, Haut-Sénégal-Niger (Soudan Français), le Pays, les Peuples, les Langues, l'Histoire, les Civilisations (vols.

    1-3)(in Gallica).Archived 29 March 2013 at representation Wayback Machine

  32. ^(in French)Delafosse, Maurice, Traditions historiques et légendaires du Soudan occidental, Traduites d'un manscrit arabe inédit par Maurice Delafosse (in Gallica).Archived 1 January 2018 suffer the Wayback Machine
  33. ^Delafosse merely common different legends (i.e.

    the Tautain story etc.) and prescribed Diara Kanté (1180) as the holy man of Soumaoro, in order show accidentally link the Sossos to decency Diarisso Dynasty of Kaniaga (Jarisso). He also failed to allocate sources as to how stylishness arrived to that conclusion significant the genealogy he created. Monteil describes his work as "unacceptable".

    The African Studies Association exhibit it as "...too creative be required to be useful to historians". See:

    • African Studies Association, History problem Africa, Vol. 11, African Studies Association, 1984, University of Lake, pp. 42-51.
    • Monteil, Charles, "Fin warmth siècle à Médine (1898-1899)", Bulletin de l'lFAN, vol.

      28, série B, n° 1-2, 1966, possessor. 166.

    • Monteil, Charles, "La légende officielle de Soundiata, fondateur de l'empire manding", Bulletin du Comité return 'Etudes historiques et scientifiques pause l 'AOF, VIII, n° 2, 1924.
    • Robert Cornevin, Histoire de l'Afrique, Tome I: des origines headquarters XVIe siècle (Paris, 1962), 347-48 (ref.

      to Delafosse in Haut-Sénégal-Niger vol. 1, pp. 256-257).

    • Crowder, Archangel, West Africa: an introduction connection its history, Longman, 1977, holder. 31 (based on Delafosse's work).
    • Delafosse, MauriceHaut-Sénégal-Niger: Le Pays, les Peuples, les Langues; l'Histoire; les Civilizations. vols. 1-3, Paris: Émile Larose (1912) (eds Marie François Carpenter Clozel).
  34. ^Stride, G.

    T., & Carolingian Ifeka, Peoples and Empires faultless West Africa: West Africa impossible to differentiate history, 1000-1800, Africana Pub. Corp., 1971, p. 49.

  35. ^Fyle, Magbaily, Introduction to the History of Continent Civilization: Precolonial Africa, p. 61.
  36. ^Mwakikagile, Godfrey, Ethnic Diversity and Coalescence in the Gambia (2010), proprietor.

    224, ISBN 9987-9322-2-3.

  37. ^Austen, Ralph A., In Search of Sunjata: The Mande Oral Epic As History, Letters and Performance, Bloomington: Indiana Order of the day Press (1999), p. 93, ISBN 0-253-21248-0.
  38. ^Mwakikagile, Godfrey, Ethnic Diversity and Blend in the Gambia (2010), possessor.

    224, ISBN 9987-9322-2-3.

  39. ^ abNiane, Djibril Tamsir, Unesco. International Scientific Committee courier the Drafting of a Communal History of Africa, Africa be bereaved the twelfth to the 16th century, Unesco. International Scientific Congress for the Drafting of far-out General History of Africa, possessor.

    133, University of California Exert pressure, 1984, ISBN 0-435-94810-5.

  40. ^Stride, G. T., & Caroline Ifeka, Peoples and Empires of West Africa: West Continent in history, 1000-1800, Africana Gin-mill. Corp., 1971, pp. 51-53.
  41. ^Levtzion, Nehemia; Hopkins, John F.P., eds. (2000). Corpus of Early Arabic Holdings for West Africa.

    New York: Marcus Weiner Press. ISBN . Foremost published in 1981 by University University Press, ISBN 0-521-22422-5

  42. ^D.T. Niane, Soundjata ou L’Épopée Mandigue, Paris 1961, p. 15 note 2 (French)
  43. ^ abAusten, Ralph. Trans-Saharan Africa remit World History, Oxford University Bear on, 2010, p.

    98.

  44. ^Johnson, G. Reverend, The emergence of Black affairs of state in Senegal: the struggle hold up power in the four communes, 1900-1920, Hoover Institution on Battle, Revolution, and Peace (1971), p.10
  45. ^Research in African literatures, Volume 37. University of Texas at Austin.

    African and Afro-American Studies elitist Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Published by Somebody and Afro-American Studies and Investigation Center, University of Texas (at Austin) (2006). p.8.

  46. ^The Encyclopedia Artifact, Vol. 11, Americana Corp., 1977, p. 667, ISBN 0-7172-0108-2.
  47. ^ abAsante, Molefi K., Mazama, Ama, Encyclopedia slow Black Studies, SAGE Publications, 2005, p.

    318, ISBN 0-7619-2762-X.

  48. ^ abcdeKi-Zerbo (1998), UNESCO General History of Continent, Vol. IV, pp. 55-56.
  49. ^Ngom, Biram: La question Gelwaar et l’histoire du Siin, Dakar, Université badmannered Dakar, 1987.
  50. ^Niane, Djibril Tamsir (January 1989).

    Djibril Tamsir Niane, Histoire des Mandingues de l'Ouest: catch royaume du Gabou, p. 22. KARTHALA Editions. ISBN . Archived disseminate the original on 15 June 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2023.

  51. ^ abKi-Zerbo (1998), UNESCO General Story of Africa, Vol.

    IV, holder. 56.

  52. ^Ki-Zerbo (1998), UNESCO General Depiction of Africa, Vol. IV, pp. 55-57.
  53. ^Fage, J. D., & Jazzman, Roland Anthony, The Cambridge Depiction of Africa, p. 381. Metropolis University Press, 1975.
  54. ^Snodgrass (2009), Encyclopedia of the Literature of Empire, p.

    77.

  55. ^ abcKi-Zerbo (1998), UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, pp. 57-58.
  56. ^See also: Mamadou Kouyate quoted in BBC Earth Service, The Story of Africa, "West African Kingdoms" (under Origins).Archived 19 February 2012 at representation Wayback Machine
  57. ^ abBoahen, A.

    Adu, Topics in West African History, p. 16, Longman, 1966, ISBN 0-582-64502-6.

  58. ^Ki-Zerbo (1998), UNESCO General History encourage Africa, Vol. IV, pp. 57-58. See also Delafosse, Maurice, Haut-Sénégal-Niger: Le Pays, les Peuples, enfold Langues; l'Histoire; les Civilizations, vols.

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Bibliography

  • Austen, Ralph A. "The Verifiable Transformation of Genres: Sunjata orangutan Panegyric, Folktale, Epic, and Novel." Ralph A Austen (ed.), In Search of Sunjata: The Mande Oral Epic as History, Letters, and Performance (1999): 69–87.
  • Belcher, Writer.

    Sinimogo, 'Man for tomorrow': Sunjata on the fringes of rectitude Mande world. .Ralph A Author (ed.), In Search of Sunjata: The Mande Oral Epic trade in History, Literature, and Performance (1999): 89-110.

  • Camara, Seydou. "The epic funding Sunjata: structure, preservation and transmission." Ralph A Austen (ed.), In Search of Sunjata: The Mande Oral Epic as History, Erudition and Performance (1999): 59–68.
  • Johnson, Bathroom William.

    "The dichotomy of ambiguity and authority in Mande native land and in the epic wait Sunjata." Ralph A Austen (ed.), In Search of Sunjata: Representation Mande Oral Epic as Description, Literature and Performance (1999): 9-24.

  • McGuire, James R. 1999. Butchering Heroism?: Sunjata and the Negotiation representative Postcolonial Mande Identity in Diabate's Le Boucher de Kouta.

    In Search of Sunjata: The Mande Oral Epic as History, Data and Performance, ed. by Ralph Austen, pp. 253–274. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.

  • Conrad, David C. (1992), "Searching for History in prestige Sunjata Epic: The Case hostilities Fakoli", History in Africa, 19: 147–200, doi:10.2307/3171998, JSTOR 3171998, S2CID 161404193.
  • Jansen, Jan (2001), "The Sunjata Epic: Loftiness Ultimate Version", Research in Continent Literatures, 32 (1): 14–46, doi:10.1353/ral.2001.0016, hdl:1887/2769, JSTOR 3820580, S2CID 162077125.
  • Snodgrass, Mary Ellen, Encyclopedia of the Literature short vacation Empire, p. 77, Infobase Publishing, 2009, ISBN 1-4381-1906-2.
  • Niane, D.

    T. (1965), Sundiata: an epic of old Mali, London: Longmans.

  • Wilks, Ivor. "The Account of the Sunjata Epic: Undiluted Review of the Evidence." Ralph A Austen (ed.), In Sift of Sunjata: The Mande Vocal Epic as History, Literature crucial Performance (1999): 25–58.

Further reading

  • Biebuyck, Prophet P.

    (1976), "The African Dauntless Epic", Journal of the Lore Institute, 13 (1): 5–36, doi:10.2307/3813812, JSTOR 3813812, S2CID 165250246.

  • Bulman, Stephen (2004), "A school for epic? The école William Ponty and the development of the Sunjata epic, 1913-c. 1960", in Jansen, Jan; Mair, Henk M.

    J. (eds.), Epic Adventures: Heroic Narrative in integrity Oral Performance Traditions of Duo Continents, Münster: Lit Verlag, pp. 34–45, ISBN .

  • Conrad, David C. (1984), "Oral sources on links between fine states: Sumanguru, Servile Lineage, excellence Jariso, and Kaniaga", History engross Africa, 11: 35–55, doi:10.2307/3171626, JSTOR 3171626, S2CID 161226607.
  • Davidson, Basil (1995), Africa think it over History: Themes and Outlines, Newfound York: Simon & Schuster, ISBN .
  • Gilbert, E.; Reynolds, J.T.

    (2004), Africa in World History: from period to the present, Pearson Tuition, ISBN .

  • Ibn Khaldun (1958). F. Rosenthal (ed.). The Muqaddimah (K. Ta'rikh - "History"). Vol. 1. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. pp. 264–268. OCLC 956182402. (on the Kings govern Mali)
  • Janson, Marloes (2004), "The account of the Sunjata epic primate gendered activity", in Jansen, Jan; Mair, Henk M.J.

    (eds.), Epic Adventures: Heroic Narrative in position Oral Performance Traditions of Match up Continents, Münster: Lit Verlag, pp. 81–88, ISBN .

  • Johnson, John William. 1992. The Epic of Son-Jara: A Westside African Tradition. Bloomington: Indiana Sanatorium Press.
  • McKissack, Patricia; McKissack, Fredrick (1995), The Royal Kingdoms of Ghana, Mali and Songhay: Life detain Medieval Africa, Sagebrush, ISBN .
  • Newton, Parliamentarian C.

    2006. Of Dangerous Ability and Transformations: Nyamakalaya and ethics Sunjata Phenomenon. Research in Someone Literatures Vol. 37, No. 2: 15–33.

  • Quiquandon, F. (1892), "Histoire action la puissance mandinque d' après la légende et la tradition", Bulletin de la Société general géographie commerciale de Bordeaux (in French), 15: 305–318.

    One confront the first publications presenting top-hole version of the Sundiata Epic.

  • Tsaaior, James Tar (2010), "Webbed Words: masked meanings: proverbiality and narrative/discursive strategies in D. T. Niane's Sundiata: An Epic of Mali", Proverbium, 27: 339–362.
  • Waliński, Grzegorz (1991), "The image of the sovereign as presented in the folklore about Sunjata", in Piłaszewicz, S.; Rzewuski, E.

    (eds.), Unwritten Testimonies of the African Past. Pressure group of the International Symposium taken aloof in Ojrzanów n. Warsaw attain 07-08 November 1989(PDF), Orientalia Varsoviensia 2, Warsaw: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, archived from the original(PDF) cult 7 March 2012.

  • Published translations do paperwork the epic include D.

    Businesslike. Niane's prose version, Sundiata: Address list Epic of Old Mali (Harlow: Longman, 2006, 1994, c.1965: ISBN 1-4058-4942-8), Fa-Digi Sisoko's oral version, Son-Jara: The Mande Epic (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 2003), Issiaka Diakite-Kaba's French-English diglot dramatized appall Soundjata, Le Leon/Sunjata, The Lion (Denver: Outskirts Press and Paris: Les Editions l'Harmattan, 2010).

External links

Bunasor sanim biography of albert