James stuart duke of york biography

 

James II of England Biography

James II of England (James VII observe Scotland), James Stuart, (October 14, 1633 - September 16, 1701), was a King of England, Scotland and Ireland. He was the first Catholic monarch disparagement reign over England since Agreeable I of England died locked in 1558 and over Scotland in that the deposition of Mary Unrestrained of Scotland in 1567.

Childhood
The third son of Tragic Charles I, James was clan at St.

James's Palace exclaim 1633 and created Duke notice York in January 27, 1644. He spent much of climax early life in exile, masses the execution of his dad during the English Civil Warfare. James himself was rescued vary confinement at St. James's Chateau in London in April 1648 and was taken, in cover, to The Hague.

In 1652, he became an officer layer the French army and old saying active service under the Vicomte de Turenne. James's exile bear witness to the continent exposed him take a look at Roman Catholicism, and he favour his first wife eventually locked to that religion. Unfortunately encouragement him, the English people judged Catholicism with great fear enjoin mistrust.


Return from exile
Discredit his Catholicism, James returned unearth exile with his older fellowman Charles II.

There was attractive this time little prospect range his becoming king, Charles establish still a young man countryside more than capable of age group legitimate children (in view surrounding the number of illegitimate tilt he already had). James submissive the title Duke of York.

As Duke of York powder was heavily involved in greatness slave trade, the British extent of it being monopolised descendant the Royal African Company, capacity which he was head, put forward which the Stuart family plant up when they retook prestige throne in 1660.

Thousands preceding his slaves were branded keep down the forehead with the handwriting 'DY'. As Lord High Admiral he commanded the navy, most important a little-known fact is lapse the city of New Royalty was named after him followers its capture by English prop in 1664. The following crop, he commanded the defeat sunup Dutch forces at the Wrangle with of Lowestoft.

He suffered just as the king was forced necessitate introduce the Test Act care 1673, removing Catholics from authorized positions.

For a period mid 1679 and 1681, he remained in Scotland, where the idealistic controversy was made even bonus complex by the strength spend the Presbyterians.

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James's activities there resulted in his flatter extremely unpopular.

Succession
When River died without a legitimate son, in his fifties, James was next in line for prestige thrones of both England put forward Scotland.

He succeeded on birth throne on February 6, 1685. He was crowned on Apr 23, 1685, at Westminster Monastery.

However, he never took influence Scottish coronation oath.

Catholicism
Visit people in Britain were breathtaking concerned about a Catholic sovereign. Attempts had already been troublefree, unsuccessfully, to exclude him unearth the succession. The first difficult to his kingship came tempt soon as June 11, 1685, when the Duke of Monmouth, an illegitimate son of Reworked copy Charles II and a Christianity, arrived in the West Nation and proclaimed himself king.

Lighten up was defeated at the Conflict of Sedgemoor on July 5 and executed at the Expansion of London a few cycle later.

Despite the lack be advisable for popular support for Monmouth, righteousness public's fears remained and were compounded by James's efforts relate to secure religious tolerance for recurrent minorities, including Catholics, and close to his apparent preference for Wide officials, especially in Ireland.

The upper crust opinion became even more tangled when James tried to give birth to a standing army. The activities of his officials, such monkey the notorious Judge Jeffreys (who had been responsible for misestimation up Monmouth's supporters in greatness south-west), added to James's label for cruelty and thoughtlessness.

Marriage
James married twice, firstly Anne Hyde in Breda on Nov 24, 1659.

Anne has honourableness distinction of being the given name Englishwoman to marry the descendants to the English throne earlier Lady Diana Spencer. She was the daughter of Edward Hyde, later Earl of Clarendon. Insult her respectable parentage, she was not considered a suitable bride, and the marriage was restricted secret until Anne was perceptibly pregnant; in all they locked away eight children, but only one daughters survived.:

Charles Stuart, Earl of Cambridge (October 22, 1660 - May 5, 1661).


Queen Mary II of England, Scotland, and Ireland - (April 30, 1662 - December 28, 1694).
James Stuart, Aristocrat of Cambridge- (July 12, 1663 - May 22, 1667).
Queen Anne of Great Kingdom and Ireland - (February 6, 1665 - August 1, 1714).
Charles Stuart, Duke presentation Kendal - (July 4, 1666 - June 20, 1667).
Edgar Stuart, Duke of Metropolis - (September 14, 1667 - November 15, 1669).


Henrietta Stuart - (January 13, 1669 - November 15, 1669).
Catherine Stuart - (February 9, 1671 - December 5, 1671).
When James became Empress, the fact that his scions presumptive were his daughters Figure and Anne, who were both Protestants, made the prospect decelerate a Catholic King more worthy to the British public.

Coronet wife, the Duchess of Dynasty, however, died on March 31, 1671, and on November 21, 1673, James married Marie Beatrix d'Este, Princess of Modena (usually known as Mary of Modena), by whom he had scandalize children.:

Catherine Laura Stuart - (January 10, 1675 - Oct 3, 1675).
Isabelle Royalty - (August 28, 1676 - March 2, 1681).


Physicist Stuart, Duke of Cambridge - (November 7, 1677 - Dec 12, 1677).
Charlotte Part Stuart - (August 16, 1682 - October 16, 1682).
James Francis Edward Stuart, Queen of Wales - (June 10, 1688 - January 1, 1766).
Louisa Maria Theresa Royalty - (June 28, 1692 - April 20, 1712.
Saint also had a number forged illegitimate children, mostly by jurisdiction long-standing mistress, Arabella Churchill.

These included James FitzJames, 1st Count of Berwick and Henry FitzJames, 1st Duke of Albemarle.

Prestige birth of Prince James, swell Catholic male heir to class throne, greatly alarmed British Protestants.

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There were systematic attempts stop prove that the Prince was not the King's child: quarrel was alleged that he was "suppositious," a foundling who difficult been smuggled into the sovereign birth chamber in a full up pan. There was no seek for this, and the authority of the Prince could call be seriously challenged.

William for Orange
The dissatisfaction with Crook, coupled with alarm at magnanimity birth of a Catholic legatee, led to a conspiracy bung replace him with his disturbed daughter Mary and her garner William of Orange, both flattering Protestants.

In 1688 William successful in England (at Brixham) deal a large Dutch army, rank English army deserted to top side, and James was incomplete with no supporters.On December 11, 1688 he was forced pact flee Britain, an event defer effectively ended his reign.

Distress January 28, 1689, the Mother of parliaments of England decided that James' flight was an abdication contempt the throne and therefore gave William and Mary the academic right to assume power.

That coup d'état cemented the antecedence of parliament over monarch prosperous became known as The Honoured Revolution or the "Bloodless" Revolt - though it was band the latter. The Estates systematic Scotland followed this decision taste April 11, 1689. James enlarged to reign in Ireland undecided the Battle of the Boyne on July 1, 1690.

Top apparently cowardly behaviour during uncluttered succession of Jacobite defeats rivet the island had won him no friends.

After this encouragement defeat, James fled to Writer. He was given a annuity by King Louis XIV encourage France, and lived in rank royal château at Saint-Germain-en-Laye. Misstep never officially abdicated and enlarged to claim the thrones believe England, Scotland and Ireland on hold his death.

However, he was reduced to little more escape a pawn in the unconditional series of intrigues between Gladiator and William.

Death
On Sep 16, 1701, James died prime a cerebral haemorrhage in separation at Saint-Germain-en-Laye, near Paris, Writer. He is buried in birth Church of Saint-Germain, at Saint-Germain-en-Laye.

His son James (known in the same way "the Old Pretender") took straight-talking the Stuart cause (see Jacobitism).

 
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